{"id":334,"date":"2022-12-27T23:51:26","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T22:51:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/?p=334"},"modified":"2022-12-28T14:53:46","modified_gmt":"2022-12-28T13:53:46","slug":"negtivny-vplyv-hak-na-fyziologicky-menstruacny-cyklus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/?p=334","title":{"rendered":"Negt\u00edvny vplyv HAK na fyziologick\u00fd men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00fd cyklus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mnoh\u00e9 mlad\u00e9 diev\u010dat\u00e1 u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa hormon\u00e1lnu antikoncepciu na \u201elie\u010dbu\u201c por\u00fach men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu. Napr\u00edklad v\u00a0USA, a\u017e 33% mlad\u00fdch \u017eien vo veku 15 a\u017e 19 rokov, ktor\u00e9 nikdy nemali pohlavn\u00fd styk, pou\u017e\u00edvali antikoncep\u010dn\u00e9 tablety z tohto d\u00f4vodu.[i]<\/a> Aj ke\u010f sa kombinovan\u00e1 peror\u00e1lna antikoncepcia (COC) pou\u017e\u00edva na tzv. regul\u00e1ciu cyklu[ii]<\/a>, faktom zost\u00e1va, \u017ee COC neupravuje prirodzen\u00fd\/fyziologick\u00fd men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00fd cyklus, ale ho \u00faplne potl\u00e1\u010da. V\u00fdsledkom je blokovanie ovul\u00e1cie a\u00a0neplodnos\u0165.<\/strong> Falo\u0161n\u00e9 napodobenie men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu sa dosahuje t\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, \u017ee \u017eena u\u017e\u00edva 21 (re\u017eim 21+7) alebo 24 (re\u017eim 24+4) po sebe nasleduj\u00facich dn\u00ed tablety obsahuj\u00face syntetick\u00e9 pohlavn\u00e9 horm\u00f3ny<\/strong> (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou etinylestradiol a\u00a0syntetick\u00e9 gestag\u00e9ny napr. levonorgestrel, drospiren\u00f3n a\u00a0pod.). Syntetick\u00e9 pohlavn\u00e9 horm\u00f3ny blokuj\u00fa tvorbu prirodzen\u00fdch horm\u00f3nov (estradi\u00f3l a\u00a0progester\u00f3n) a\u00a0takmer v\u0161etky procesy v\u00a0\u017eenskom \u00a0tele s\u00fa n\u00e1sledne riaden\u00e9 najm\u00e4 syntetick\u00fdmi pohlavn\u00fdmi horm\u00f3nmi. Falo\u0161n\u00e1 men\u0161tru\u00e1cia, tzv. pseudomen\u0161tru\u00e1cia<\/strong> sa dosiahne t\u00fdm, \u017ee po akt\u00edvnych tablet\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa 21 alebo 24 dn\u00ed, sa za\u010dn\u00fa u\u017e\u00edva\u0165 neakt\u00edvne tablety (neobsahuj\u00fa syntetick\u00e9 horm\u00f3ny), alebo sa neu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u017eiadne tablety a\u00a0nastane krv\u00e1canie v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku poklesu hlad\u00edn pohlavn\u00fdch horm\u00f3nov (tzv. krv\u00e1canie zo sp\u00e1du).<\/p>\n

Sliznica maternice pri u\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed hormon\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie nie je tak\u00e1 stabiln\u00e1 ako pri prirodzenom men\u0161trua\u010dnom cykle. \u017deny m\u00f4\u017eu zakrv\u00e1ca\u0165 aj po\u010das u\u017e\u00edvania akt\u00edvnych tabliet, a toto tzv. nepl\u00e1novan\u00e9 krv\u00e1canie\/krv\u00e1canie z prieniku sa vyskytuje na za\u010diatku u\u017e\u00edvania kombinovanej peror\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie a\u017e u 30% \u017eien. Nepl\u00e1novan\u00e9 krv\u00e1canie je nepr\u00edjemn\u00fdm ne\u017eiad\u00facim \u00fa\u010dinkom peror\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie, a preto aj \u010dast\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom ukon\u010denia jej pou\u017e\u00edvania (Raidoo<\/em> a\u00a0kol., 2017<\/em>[iii]<\/a>). In\u00fdm ne\u017eiaducim krv\u00e1can\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 d\u00f4sledkom pou\u017e\u00edvania hormon\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie, je krv\u00e1canie po\u010das alebo po pohlavnom styku.<\/strong>[iv]<\/a> Pr\u00ed\u010dinou tohto krv\u00e1cania m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ektopia (posun sliznice z vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho kan\u00e1la kr\u010dka maternice na jeho vonkaj\u0161iu plochu)<\/strong>[v]<\/a> [vi]<\/a>, ktor\u00e1 sa \u010dasto vyskytuje u\u00a0\u017eien pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00facich hormon\u00e1lnu antikoncepciu.[vii]<\/a> [viii]<\/a> [ix]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 diev\u010dat\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 dospievaj\u00fa, by sa mali vyhn\u00fa\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvaniu hormon\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie na \u201e\u00fapravu\u201c men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00e9ho cyklu. Je v\u0161eobecne akceptovan\u00fd fakt, \u017ee men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00e9 nepravidelnosti s\u00fa v\u00a0\u010dase dospievania norm\u00e1lne. Hypotalamo-hypof\u00fdzarno-ov\u00e1rialna os (HPO) nemus\u00ed by\u0165 \u00faplne zrel\u00e1 a\u017e do pribli\u017ene piatich rokov po prvej men\u0161tru\u00e1cii, a preto s\u00fa cykly bez ovul\u00e1cie be\u017en\u00e9 u mlad\u00fdch adolescentiek (v prvom roku a\u017e 50% cyklov). S\u00a0dozrievan\u00edm HPO nastupuj\u00fa pravideln\u00e9 ovula\u010dn\u00e9 cykly a do dvoch rokov od prvej men\u0161tru\u00e1cie maj\u00fa adolescentky spravidla pravideln\u00e9 ovula\u010dn\u00e9 cykly (De Sanctis, 2019<\/em>[x]<\/a>). Ke\u010f\u017ee mechanizmus \u00fa\u010dinku peror\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie je zalo\u017een\u00fd pr\u00e1ve na naru\u0161en\u00ed HPO a\u00a0blokovan\u00ed ovul\u00e1cie (Casado-Espada<\/em><\/a> a kol., 2019<\/em>[xi]<\/a>), jej pou\u017e\u00edvanie na \u00fapravu cyklu v\u00a0tomto obdob\u00ed je kontraprodukt\u00edvne. Prirodzen\u00fd men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00fd cyklus a\u00a0pravideln\u00e1 ovul\u00e1cia sa pova\u017euje za vit\u00e1lny znak zdravia adolescentiek aj\u00a0dospel\u00fdch \u017eien (Vigil a\u00a0kol., 2017<\/em>[xii]<\/a>, American Academy of Pediatrics and American, 2006<\/em>[xiii]<\/a>). Probl\u00e9my s\u00a0men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00fdm cyklom a\u00a0ovul\u00e1ciou m\u00f4\u017eu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 v\u010dasn\u00e9 varovania, poukazuj\u00face na zdravotn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Preto\u017ee peror\u00e1lna hormon\u00e1lna antikoncepcia potl\u00e1\u010da prirodzen\u00fd men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00fd cyklus a\u00a0ovul\u00e1ciu, m\u00f4\u017ee jej pou\u017eitie na lie\u010dbu zdravotn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov maskova\u0165 pr\u00ed\u010diny inej choroby a niektor\u00e9 choroby e\u0161te zhor\u0161i\u0165<\/strong>.[xiv]<\/a> Napr\u00edklad, pou\u017eitie peror\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie na lie\u010dbu men\u0161trua\u010dnej bolesti m\u00f4\u017ee oddiali\u0165 diagn\u00f3zu endometri\u00f3zy a vies\u0165 k\u00a0jej hlbokej infiltr\u00e1cii v neskor\u0161\u00edch rokoch (Chapron a kol., 2011<\/em>[xv]<\/a>, Tu a kol., 2014<\/em>[xvi]<\/a>).<\/p>\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd je tie\u017e fakt, \u017ee po\u010das tzv. organiza\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia v\u00a0obdob\u00ed puberty, sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa pohlavn\u00e9 horm\u00f3ny dlhotrvaj\u00face \u0161truktur\u00e1lne zmeny v\u00a0mozgu, ktor\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00fa odpovede na horm\u00f3ny a\u00a0na soci\u00e1lne podnety v dospelosti (Sisk, 2016<\/em>[xvii]<\/a>). Zmena pohlavn\u00fdch horm\u00f3nov (v\u00fdmena prirodzen\u00fdch za syntetick\u00e9), \u00a0zmeny v ich s\u00e9rov\u00fdch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch a\u00a0n\u00e1sledne aj zmeny ich \u00fa\u010dinkov po\u010das dospievania m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pozn\u00e1vacie\/nervov\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky trvaj\u00face od adolescencie a\u017e do dospelosti (Cahill, 2018<\/em>[xviii]<\/a>). Konkr\u00e9tnym d\u00f4kazom n\u00e1sledkov t\u00fdchto zmien m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00fdznamne zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd v\u00fdskyt d<\/strong>epresie <\/strong>(de Wit a kol., 2020<\/em>[xix]<\/a>, Zettermark a kol., 2018<\/em>[xx]<\/a>, Skovlund a\u00a0kol., 2016<\/em>[xxi]<\/a>, Lindberg<\/em> a\u00a0kol., 2012<\/em>[xxii]<\/a>) a\u00a0samovr\u00e1\u017ed <\/strong>(Skovlund a\u00a0kol., 2018<\/em>[xxiii]<\/a>) u\u00a0mlad\u00fdch u\u017e\u00edvateliek hormon\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie.<\/p>\n

Diev\u010dat\u00e1 a\u00a0\u017eeny by si mali nielen kv\u00f4li svojmu zdraviu, ale aj kv\u00f4li zdraviu svojich potomkov chr\u00e1ni\u0165 prirodzen\u00fd men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00fd cyklus a\u00a0nezameni\u0165 ho za umel\u00fd, sp\u00f4soben\u00fd u\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm hormon\u00e1lnej antikoncepcie. P<\/strong>otla\u010denie ovul\u00e1cie hormon\u00e1lnou antikoncepciou je nespochybnite\u013enou abnormalitou <\/strong>(Strifert,<\/em> 2014<\/em>[xxiv]<\/a>).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Odborn\u00e9 pramene<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> Jones RK. Beyond birth control: the overlooked benefits of oral contraceptive pills. New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute; 2011.<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, et al. No. 329-Canadian Contraception Consensus Part 4 of 4 Chapter 9: Combined Hormonal Contraception. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d’obste\u0301trique et gyne\u0301cologie du Canada : JOGC. 2017 Apr;39(4):229-268.e5.<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> Raidoo, S., Kaneshiro, B. Unscheduled Bleeding on Hormonal Contraceptives: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management Options. Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports<\/a>. 2017: <\/strong>118\u2013125.<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> Phadnis SV,\u00a0 Walker, PG.. Modern management of postcoital and intermenstrual bleeding. Trends in Urology, Gynaecology & Sexual Health. 2008;13(4):24-27.<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> Patient. Intermenstrual and Postcoital Bleeding. Jarvis S. 2020. https:\/\/patient.info\/doctor\/intermenstrual-and-postcoital-bleeding. Accessed 28 November 2020.<\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> Tarney CM, Han J. Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management. Obstetrics and gynecology international. 2014;2014:192087.<\/p>\n

[vii]<\/a> Morrison CS, Bright P, Wong EL, et al. Hormonal contraceptive use, cervical ectopy, and the acquisition of cervical infections. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2004 Sep;31(9):561-7.<\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a> Bright PL, Norris Turner A, Morrison CS, et al. Hormonal contraception and area of cervical ectopy: a longitudinal assessment. Contraception. 2011;84(5):512-519.<\/p>\n

[ix]<\/a> NHS Manchester University. Cervical Ectopy (Cervical Erosion). Review: Date June 2020. https:\/\/mft.nhs.uk\/app\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2018\/04\/18-28-Cervical-Ectopy-June-2018.pdf<\/a>. Accessed 01 Feb 2021.<\/p>\n

[x]<\/a> De Sanctis V, Rigon F, Bernasconi S, et al. Age at Menarche and Menstrual Abnormalities in Adolescence: Does it Matter? The Evidence from a Large Survey among Italian Secondary Schoolgirls. Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2019 Jan;86(Suppl 1):34-41.<\/p>\n

[xi]<\/a> Casado-Espada NM, de Alarc\u00f3n R, de la Iglesia-Larrad JI, et al. Hormonal Contraceptives, Female Sexual Dysfunction, and Managing Strategies: A Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019;8(6):908.<\/p>\n

[xii]<\/a> Vigil P, Lyon C, Flores B, et al. Ovulation, a sign of health. Linacre Q. 2017;84(4):343-355.<\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/a> American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health Care. Diaz A, Laufer MR, Breech LL. Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Pediatrics. 2006 Nov;118(5):2245-50.<\/p>\n

[xiv]<\/a> Fehring RJ, Bouchard T, Meyers M. Influence of Contraception Use on the Reproductive Health of Adolescents and Young Adults. Linacre Q. 2018;85(2):167-177.<\/p>\n

[xv]<\/a> Chapron C, Souza C, Borghese B, et al. Oral contraceptives and endometriosis: the past use of oral contraceptives for treating severe primary dysmenorrhea is associated with endometriosis, especially deep infiltrating endometriosis. Human Reproduction. 2011 Aug;26(8):2028-35.<\/p>\n

[xvi]<\/a> Tu FF, Du H, Goldstein GP, Beaumont JL, et al. The influence of prior oral contraceptive use on risk of endometriosis is conditional on parity. Fertility and Sterility. 2014 Jun;101(6):1697-704.<\/p>\n

[xvii]<\/a> Sisk CL. Hormone-dependent adolescent organization of socio-sexual behaviors in mammals. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2016;38:63-68.<\/p>\n

[xviii]<\/a> Cahill, L. How does hormonal contraception affect the developing human adolescent brain? Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 2018; 23:131\u2013135.<\/p>\n

[xix]<\/a> de Wit AE, Booij SH, Giltay EJ, et al. Association of Use of Oral Contraceptives With Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents and Young Women. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Jan 1;77(1):52-59.<\/p>\n

[xx]<\/a> Zettermark S, Perez Vicente R, Merlo J. Hormonal contraception increases the risk of psychotropic drug use in adolescent girls but not in adults: A pharmacoepidemiological study on 800 000 Swedish women. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194773.<\/p>\n

[xxi]<\/a> Skovlund CW<\/a>, M\u00f8rch LS<\/a>, Kessing LV<\/a>, Lidegaard \u00d8<\/a>. Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression. JAMA Psychiatry.<\/a> 2016 Nov 1;73(11):1154-1162.<\/p>\n

[xxii]<\/a> Lindberg M<\/a>, Foldemo A<\/a>, Josefsson A<\/a>, Wir\u00e9hn AB<\/a>. Differences in prescription rates and odds ratios of antidepressant drugs in relation to individual hormonal contraceptives: a nationwide population-based study with age-specific analyses. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the official journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2012 Apr;17(2):106-18.<\/p>\n

[xxiii]<\/a> Skovlund CW<\/a>, M\u00f8rch LS<\/a>, Kessing LV<\/a>, et al. Association of Hormonal Contraception With Suicide Attempts and Suicides. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 1;175(4):336-342.<\/p>\n

[xxiv]<\/a> Strifert K. The link between oral contraceptive use and prevalence in autism spectrum disorder. Medical Hypotheses. 2014 Dec;83(6):718-25.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mnoh\u00e9 mlad\u00e9 diev\u010dat\u00e1 u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa hormon\u00e1lnu antikoncepciu na \u201elie\u010dbu\u201c por\u00fach men\u0161trua\u010dn\u00e9ho … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[155,50,1,165,53],"tags":[221,226,224,45,223,227,225,222],"class_list":["post-334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-clanky","category-menstruacia","category-psychika","category-samovrazda","category-tinedzerky","tag-blokovanie-menstracie","tag-depresie","tag-ektopia","tag-neplodnost","tag-pseudomenstruacia","tag-samovrazdy","tag-strukturalne-zmeny-v-mozgu","tag-synteticke-pohlavne-hormony"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=334"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/334\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":384,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/334\/revisions\/384"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=334"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=334"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/antikoncepcia.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}